Indian Christianity: Through Historical Transitionary Modes to Contemporary Polyvalent Christianity

Abstract

This article explores the historical evolution and contemporary features of Indian Christianity, tracing its journey from the arrival of Apostle Thomas in A.D. 52 to its current status as a minority religion in a Hindu-majority nation. It examines key transitionary modes, including assimilation with Syrian traditions, resistance against Portuguese Catholic impositions, vernacularization through Bible translations, and indigenization through revivals and social reforms. ​ The narrative highlights the interplay between foreign missionary influences and local adaptations, resulting in a uniquely Indian expression of Christianity. ​ Contemporary Indian Christianity is characterized by three distinctive features: its inter-religious nature shaped by theological permeability with other faiths, its holistic approach to mission addressing multidimensional poverty and social inequalities, and its resilience amid rising persecution from radical Hindutva movements. ​ The article also discusses the diverse denominational landscape, including Catholics, Orthodox, Protestants, Pentecostals, and independent churches, and their varied theological and missional priorities. Despite challenges, Indian Christianity remains a dynamic and polyvalent faith, embodying cultural integration, social transformation, and spiritual resilience. ​ This study underscores the enduring adaptability and relevance of Christianity in India, offering insights into its historical transitions and contemporary significance in a pluralistic and socio-politically complex context. ​